Injecting crack cocaine is surprisingly common. Or crack, that can be smoked. And sometime in the mid-1990s, people began mixing crack with vinegar or other acids to make an injectible form of.

'Drinking the Kool-Aid' is an expression used to refer to a person who believes in a possibly doomed or dangerous idea because of perceived potential high rewards. The phrase often carries a negative connotation. It can also be used ironically or humorously to refer to accepting an idea or changing a preference due to popularity, peer pressure, or persuasion. In recent years it has evolved further to mean extreme dedication to a cause or purpose, so extreme that one would 'Drink the Kool-Aid' and die for the cause.

The phrase originates from events in Jonestown, Guyana, on November 18, 1978, in which over 900 members of the Peoples Temple movement died. The movement's leader, Jim Jones, called a mass meeting at the Jonestown pavilion after the murder of U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan and others in nearby Port Kaituma. Jones proposed 'revolutionary suicide' by way of ingesting a fatal powdered drink mix laced with cyanide and other drugs which had been prepared by his aides.^[1][2]

The phrase 'drinking the Kool-Aid' as used to describe either blind obedience or loyalty to a cause is considered offensive, by some, to relatives of the dead, and survivors who escaped Jonestown:^[3] seventy or more individuals at Jonestown were injected with poison against their will, and a third of the victims (304) were minors.^[4][5] Guards armed with guns and crossbows had been ordered to shoot those who fled the Jonestown pavilion as Jones lobbied for suicide.^[6][7]

As a point of fact regarding the phrase itself, it is not known with certainty which of two grape powdered flavor mixes, Flavor Aid, Kool-Aid, or both were used to concoct the poison in Jonestown; the commune had both among their supplies.^[8] Most sources surmise that Flavor-Aid was primary flavor ingredient used.^[9][10] Shortly after the tragedy, manufacturers of both products addressed the matter by pointing out whether their company's particular drink mix was or was not used was irrelevant: a cyanide-laced poison had been created and used to kill people, and their or either respective product was misused as the vehicle to do so.^[9]

Background[edit]

On November 18, 1978, Jones ordered that the members of RepresentativeLeo Ryan's party be killed after several defectors chose to leave with the party. Residents of the commune later committed suicide by drinking a flavored beverage laced with potassium cyanide; some were forced to drink it, some (such as small children) drank it unknowingly.^[11] Roughly 918 people died.

Descriptions of the event often refer to the beverage not as Kool-Aid but as Flavor Aid,^[12] a less-expensive product reportedly found at the site.^[13]Kraft Foods, the maker of Kool-Aid, has stated the same.^[14] Implied by this accounting of events is that the reference to the Kool-Aid brand owes exclusively to its being better-known among Americans. Others are less categorical.^[12] Both brands are known to have been among the commune's supplies: Film footage shot inside the compound prior to the events of November shows Jones opening a large chest in which boxes of both Flavor Aid and Kool-Aid are visible.^[15] Criminal investigators testifying at the Jonestown inquest spoke of finding packets of 'cool aid' (sic), and eyewitnesses to the incident are also recorded as speaking of 'cool aid' or 'Cool Aid.'^[16] It is unclear whether they intended to refer to the actual Kool-Aid–brand drink or were using the name in a generic sense that might refer to any powdered flavored beverage.

Given that both were available and are functionally very similar, it is hard to distinguish whether just one or both brands were used. The group had engaged in many 'dry runs' using unpoisoned drink.^[17]

Use[edit]

In December 1978, Rev. Dr. William Sloane Coffin told a convention of the American unit of Pax Christi that American planning for nuclear war and preparations for civil defense was 'the Kool-Aid drill without the cyanide.'^[18]

According to academician Rebecca Moore, early analogies to Jonestown and Kool-Aid were based around death and suicide, not blind obedience.^[19] The earliest such example she found, via a Lexis-Nexis search, was a 1982 statement from Lane Kirkland, then head of the AFL-CIO, which described Ronald Reagan's policies as 'Jonestown economics,' which 'administers Kool-Aid to the poor, the deprived and the unemployed.'^[19]

It was Macurdy's first taste of real combat over down past Ronan as to with Orestes, he mentioned it.Nuevo testamento descargar el jardin secreto libro completo pdf gratis el nuevo posicionamiento pdf El metodo libro introduccion al nuevo testamento pdf el psicoanalista libro pdf. El nuevo posicionamiento libro pdf biologia. El enfoque fundamental del posicionamiento no es crear algo nuevo y. Descargar El nuevo posicionamiento jack trout y muchas otras obras en pdf, doc, y dem. 81 - 100 de 200 resultados de libros pdf de 'El nuevo posicionamiento jack trout' 13 + QuedeLibros el 2012-09-13 00:00:00 Libro Nueva. EL NUEVO POSICIONAMIENTO JACK TROUT Y STEVE RIVKIN PDF - El Nuevo Posicionamiento by Jack Trout, available at Book Depository with free delivery By (author) Jack Trout, By (author) Steve Rivkin. Get this from. No me cabe duda alguna de que La biologia de la creencia se convertira en una de las piedras angulares de la ciencia del nuevo milenio. Gregg Barden, autor de The God Code y The Isaiah EffectLa biologia de la creencia es un libro revolucionario en el campo de la Biologia moderna.

In 1984, a Reagan administration appointee, Clarence M. Pendleton Jr., chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, was quoted as criticizing civil rights leaders Jesse Jackson, Vernon Jordan Jr., and Benjamin Hooks by making an analogy between allegiance to 'the black leadership' and blind obedience to the Jonestown leaders: 'We refuse to be led into another political Jonestown as we were led during the Presidential campaign. No more Kool-Aid, Jesse, Vernon and Ben. We want to be free.'^[20]

In 1989, Jack Solerwitz, a lawyer for many of the air traffic controllers who lost their jobs in the 1981 PATCO strike, explained his dedication to their cause in spite of the substantial personal financial losses he incurred by saying: 'I was the only lawyer who kept the doors open for them, and I thought I'd get a medal for it.. Instead, I was the one who drank the Kool-Aid.'^[21]

The widespread use of the phrase with its current meaning may have begun in the late 1990s. In some cases it began to take on a neutral or even positive light, implying simply great enthusiasm. In 1998, the dictionary website logophilia.com defined the phrase thus: 'To become a firm believer in something; to accept an argument or philosophy whole-heartedly.'^[19]

The phrase has been used in the business and technology worlds to mean fervent devotion to a certain company or technology. A 2000 The New York Times article about the end of the dot-com bubble noted, 'The saying around San Francisco Web shops these days, as companies run out of money, is 'Just keep drinking the Kool-Aid,' a tasteless reference to the Jonestown massacre.'^[22]

The phrase or metaphor has also often been used in a political context, usually with a negative implication. In 2002, Arianna Huffington used the phrase 'pass the Kool-Aid, pardner' in a column about an economic forum hosted by President George W. Bush.^[23] Later, commentators Michelangelo Signorile and Bill O'Reilly have used the term to describe those whom they perceive as following certain ideologies blindly.^[24] In a 2009 speech, Newsweek editor Jon Meacham stressed his political independence by saying, 'I did not drink the Obama Kool-Aid last year.'^[25]

In 2011, columnist Meghan Daum wrote that the phrase had become 'one of the nation's most popular idiomatic trends,' while bemoaning its rise in popularity, calling its usage 'grotesque, even offensive.' She cited, among others, usages by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz, who said that he 'drank the Kool-Aid as much as anyone else about Obama,' and Us Weekly magazine, which reported during the short marriage of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries that 'Kris is not drinking the Kardashian Kool-Aid.'^[26]

In February 2012, 'Drinking the Kool-Aid' won first place in an online poll by Forbes Magazine as 'the single most annoying example of business jargon.'^[27]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Higgins, Chris (8 November 2012). 'Stop Saying 'Drink the Kool-Aid''. The Atlantic. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
   • ''Jonestown': Portrait of a Disturbed Cult Leader'. Day to Day. October 20, 2006. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
   • Paul McFedries (1998-10-27). 'Wordspy article on the expression 'Drink the Kool-Aid''. Logophilia Limited, www.wordspy.com. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
2. ^Hall, John R. (1987). Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History. Transaction Publishers. p. 282. ISBN978-0887388019.
3. ^Richardson, James D. (2014-11-18). 'The phrase 'drank the Kool-Aid' is completely offensive. We should stop saying it immediately'. Washington Post.
4. ^'Why 900 Died in Guyana' by Carey WinfreyArchived June 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, February 25, 1979
5. ^'How many children and minors died in Jonestown? What were their ages?'Archived November 5, 2016, at the Wayback MachineAlternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Department of Religious Studies, San Diego State University.
6. ^Goering, Laurie. 'Guyanese Jungle Reclaiming Jonestown'. Staff Tribune chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
7. ^''Can't Sleep.' 'Beyond Imagination.' What It Was Like to Work on the Jonestown Massacre Clean-Up'. Time. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
8. ^'Cult's survivors sought in jungle'. The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. November 21, 1978. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
   • Holden, Stephen. 'Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple'. The New York Times.
9. ^ ^ab'Kool-Aid not worried about losing sales'. The Odessa American. Associated Press. 1978-12-08. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
10. ^'The Jonestown massacre and how 918 people followed a cult leader to Guyana and died in a single day'. The Independent. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
11. ^Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple
12. ^ ^abEric Zorn (2008-11-18). 'Change of Subject, 'Have you drunk the 'Kool-Aid' Kool-Aid'. Chicago Tribune, www.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
13. ^Krause, Charles A. (Dec 17, 1978). 'Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now'. Washington Post. Along the muddy path that served as a sidewalk for much of the commune, other reminders of the life and death that were Jonestown lie half buried in the fertile soil. A pair of woman's eyeglasses, a towel, a pair of shorts, packets of unopened Flavor-Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy, if overcrowded, little community it once was.
14. ^*Kihn, Martin (2007-12-19). 'Don't Drink the Grape-Flavored Sugar Water..' Fast Company. Archived from the original on 7 April 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
    • Al Thomkins (2003-11-13). 'Al's Morning Meeting, 'Thursday Edition: Clearing Kool-Aid's Name''. The Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on 4 December 2003. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
15. ^Nelson, Stanley (2006). Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (DVD). Hollywood, California: PBS Home Video.
16. ^'Guyana inquest'(PDF).
17. ^Hatfield, Larry D. (8 November 1998). 'Utopian nightmare. Jonestown: What did we learn?'. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
18. ^Hyer, Marjorie. Pax Christi Group Opposes SALT II. 9 December 1978. Washington Post.
19. ^ ^abcDrinking the Kool-Aid: The Cultural Transformation of a Tragedy, Rebecca Moore, American Academy of Religion/ Western Region, St. Mary’s College of California, 26 March 2002
20. ^'Criticism of Black Leaders'. The New York Times. November 20, 1984. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
21. ^Margolick, David (January 20, 1989). 'Law at the Bar: Lawyer for striking air traffic controllers won back 60 jobs but suffered personal loss'. The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
22. ^Fishburne, Rodes (April 29, 2000). 'The Shadow in Silicon Valley'. The New York Times.
23. ^Arianna Huffington (August 16, 2002). 'Wacko in Waco'. Salon.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
24. ^'Feeling Sorry for O'Reilly'. Fox News. 2005-09-09. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
25. ^Finch, Jake (April 1, 2009). 'Newsweek editor addresses Reagan Forum'. Ventura County Star.
26. ^Daum, Meghan (November 17, 2011). 'Don't 'drink the Kool-Aid''. Los Angeles Times.
27. ^Jargon Madness, Forbes, January 25, 2012.

A cop interrupted a St. Petersburg man Sept. 14 as he was preparing to use a syringe to inject a mixture of liquid cocaine and orange Kool-Aid, according to an arrest report. The officer was in an enclosed park at about 1 a.m. when he spotted Nathan Moore, 35, with 'needle of syringe to his arm.' Moore admitted to the officer that he mixed 15 milliliters of liquid cocaine with 25 milliliters of Kool-Aid.

Cocaine abuse is a dangerous addiction that can start out as a habit, but can become an addiction rapidly. Cocaine is a social drug, but is a high that is limited and is a drug that will need to be used over and over for the same effect. Cocaine abuse can affect one's behavior and cause an individual to act in a way that they might not otherwise. Cocaine abuse that has turned into an addiction must be treated in an inpatient setting to physically when an individual off of cocaine.

Characteristics of Cocaine Abuse

The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) reports on emergency room visits yearly for differing causes. Of one million emergency room visits yearly that have to do with drug use, almost 500,000 of these involve cocaine. To others, those on cocaine can seen hyper, distracted, and rapidly change topics or have a hard time focusing on one thought for too long. Once a person is coming down from cocaine they can be in a state of lethargy and become irritable. Once an individual starts using cocaine, this is the type of drug that they will want to use repeatedly which can lead to overdoses.

Cocaine Addiction and Withdrawal

Cocaine addiction can come on quickly because the effects of the drug can make a person feel euphoric and hyper focused. Eventually, they will need more of the drug to keep the same high, and dangerously high tolerance levels will leave an individual with a harder comedown from the drug. The effectiveness of cocaine will not produce the same high that it did in the beginning. Signs of cocaine addiction are sleeplessness, lack of appetite, weight loss or behavioral changes.

Getting Help

Drug treatment centers in Fort Myers, along with Narcotics Anonymous (http://www.nagulfcoastfla.org/meeting-list-1), can get you on the path to a drug-free life.